LEAP DATASET SUMMARY

CHINA Dataset as Prepared for the East Asia Energy Futures/Asia Energy Security Project

Printout Prepared by:      Lea Prince, Nautilus Institute

Date Prepared:             4/6/2004

All data were extracted from LEAP dataset (version "China", dated 03/08/2003) prepared as a part of the Asia Energy Security/East Asia Energy Futures Project.  LEAP dataset prepared by the China EAEF Team: Mr. Guo Baolei, Professor Zhang Aling, Professor Wang Yanjia, and Dr. Gu Alun.

LEAP FUELS

Fuels Notes

Name

Notes

Reference 1 Author

Reference 1 Year

Reference 2 Author

Animal  dejecta

Biogas

Biogas - A by-product of the fermentation of biomass, principally animal wastes, by bacteria. It consists mainly of methane gas and carbon dioxide. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content from Leach and Gowen, 1987; density not known; other data from Pasztor and Kristoferson, 1987.  Net/gross heating value ratio assumed same as for wood. Fraction oxidized  assumed same as coal.

Leach and Gowen (1987)

Pasztor and Kristoferson (1987)

Biomass (unspecified)

Assumed same as wood.

Briquette

Cleaned coal

Coke

Coke oven gas

Crude Oil

Crude Oil - Mineral oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural origin, yellow to black in color, of variable specific gravity and viscosity, including crude mineral oils extracted from bituminous minerals (shale, bituminous sand, etc.).  Data for crude petroleum include lease (field) condense (separator liquids) which is recovered from gaseous hydrocarbons in lease separation facilities. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Energy contents of crude oil vary.  Default values used in TED are for Saudi Arabian crude oil, the world's largest producer.  Additional values are shown below (IEA, 1999) and detailed listings for most countries  can be found in the IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories (IPCC, 1996) (http://www.iea.org/ipcc/invs1.htm).

Smith, K. (1987)

EPA (1985)

IEA (1999)

Diesel

Diesel oil (distillate fuel oil) - Light fuel oils distilled during the refining process and used primarily for space heating, on-and-off highway diesel engine fuel (including railroad engine fuel and fuel for agricultural machinery), and electric power generation. Included are products known as No.1, No.2, and No.4 fuel oils, and No.1, No.2, and No.4 diesel fuels. No.2 fuel oil is used in atomizing-type burners for domestic heating or for moderate commercial-industrial burner units. Diesel fuels are used in compression-ignition engines. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985;

IPCC (1996)

U.N. (1990)

Grubb (1989)

Electricity

All data by definition.

Gasoline

(Motor) Gasoline - Light hydrocarbon oil used in positive ignition engines other than aircraft, distilling between 35 and 200°C, and treated to reach a sufficiently high octane number of generally between 80 and 100 RON. Treatment may be by reforming, blending with an aromatic fraction, or the addition of benzole or other   additives (such as tetraethyl lead).   Also known as petrol in the UK.  (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized  from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985, nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?.

IPCC (1996)

U.N. (1990)

EPA (1985)

Geothermal

Geothermal energy -  thermal or electrical power produced from the thermal energy contained in the Earth. The use of geothermal energy is based on the temperature difference between a mass of buried rock and water and a mass of water (or air) at the Earth's surface. The temperature difference thermodynamically allows the production of thermal energy which is converted directly or indirectly to mechanical or electrical energy.Geothermal gradients in the Earth generally range between 10 to 30 degrees centigrade/kilometer. The source of these gradients is from conductive heat flow from the deep crust and mantle and from radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium isotopes. Some granitic rocks in the upper crust contain abnormally high concentrations of radioactive elements resulting

Heat

Heat - Heat obtained from (a) combined heat and power (CHP) plants generating electricity and useful heat in a signie installation; (b) district heating (DH) plants and (c) nuclear power plants and geothermal sources. The heat may be in the form of steam, hot water or hot air. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: all data by definition.

Heat

Heavy Oil

Hydro

Hydropower - Electricity generated by an electric power plant whose turbines are driven by falling water.  Includes energy generated from large dams, run-of-river, microhydro and smaller facilities.Sources: all data by definition.

Hydrogen

Kerosene

Kerosene - Medium oil distilling between 150 and 300°C; at least 65% in volume distils at 250°C. Its specific gravity is around 0.80 and the flash point above 38°C. It is used as an illuminant and as a fuel in certain types of spark-ignition engines, such as those used for agricultural tractors and stationary engines. Other names for this product are burning oil, vaporizing oil, power kerosene and illuminating oil. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Sources: energy content, net/gross heating, and fraction oxidized  from IPCC, 1996; density from U.N., 1990; carbon content from Grubb, 1989, sulfur and ash content from EPA, 1985, nitrogen content from Oeko Institute, 1990?.

IPCC (1996)

U.N. (1996)

LPG

Liquefied petroleum gas (bottled gas) - Hydrocarbons which are gaseous under conditions of normal temperature and pressure but are liquefied by compression or cooling to facilitate storage, handling and transportation. They are (i) extracted by stripping of natural gas at crude petroleum and natural gas sources; (ii) extracted by stripping of imported natural gas in installations of the importing country; and (iii) produced both in refineries and outside of refineries in the course of processing crude petroleum or its derivatives. It comprises propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), or a mixture of these two hydrocarbons. Also included is ethane (C2H6) from petroleum or natural gas producers' separation and stabilization plants. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Grou

IPCC (1996)

U.N. (1990)

Natural Gas

Natural gas - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of non-hydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase, or in solution with oil in natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions. It may be subclassified into associated (i.e., that originating from fields producing both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons), dissolved, or non-associated gas (i.e., that originating from fields producing only hydrocarbons in gaseous form). Methane recovered from coal mines and sewage gas are also included as well as natural gas liquefied for transportation. Excluded is natural gas used for repressuring and reinjection, as well as gas flared, vented or otherwise wasted, and shrinkage accruing to processing for the extraction of natural gas liquids. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Wa

Read (1994)

ORNL (1989)

IEA (1999)

Nuclear

All data by definition.

Other coking products

Other gas

Other Petro products

Other wahsed coal

Raw coal

Refinery gas

Solar

All data by definition.

Vegetal Wastes

Vegetal wastes - Mainly crop residues (cereal straw from maize, wheat, paddy rice, etc.) and food processing wastes (rice hulls, coconut husks, ground-nut shells, etc.) used for fuel. Bagasse is excluded. (Adapted from U.N., 1996, IEA, 1999 and Washington Energy Policy Group, 1999)Energy contents vary greatly depending on moisture content and type of waste.  Typical values are shown below (from Leach and Gowen, 1987). Sources: energy content from U.N., 1990; density from SEI, 1999; nitrogen content from Pastor and Kristoferson, 1987; moisture content from Beijer Institute,1984, other data from SEI, 1999.  Net/gross heating value ratio assumed same as for wood.  Fraction oxidized  assumed same as coal.

U.N. (1990)

Beijer Institute (1984)

Pasztor and Kristoferson (1987)

Wind

All data by definition.